Peer to Peer Lending Business in India
In India, there are many online P2P lending platforms. Some of these are involved in the business targeted at micro finance business activities with the stated primary goal being social impact and providing easier access of credit to small entrepreneurs.
What is Peer to Peer (P2P) Lending & how to obtain its License?
P2P lending is a form of crowd-funding used to raise loans which are paid back with interest. It can be defined as the use of an online platform that matches lenders with borrowers in order to provide unsecured loans. The borrower can either be an individual or a legal person requiring a loan. The interest rate may be set by the platform or by mutual agreement between the borrower and the lender. Fees are paid to the platform by both the lender as well as the borrower. The borrowers pay an origination fee (either a flat rate fee or as a percentage of the loan amount raised) according to their risk category. The lenders, depending on the terms of the platform, have to pay an administration fee and an additional fee if they choose to use any additional service (e.g. legal advice etc.), which the platform may provide. How to obtain an NBFC peer to peer lending registration or license? Refer to the below sections.
Crowd-Funding
Crowd Funding’ generally refers to a method of funding a project or venture through small amounts of money raised from a large number of people, typically through a portal acting as an intermediary. There are numerous forms of crowd funding: some are charitable donations that provide intangible benefits but no financial returns; others, such as equity crowd funding would fall within the domain of financial markets.
Operational Business Models in India
P2P lending platforms are largely tech companies registered under the Companies Act and acting as an aggregator for lenders and borrowers thereby, helping create a match between them. Once the borrowers and lenders register themselves on the website, due diligence is carried out by the platform and those found acceptable are allowed to participate in lending/borrowing activity.
Read Also: NBFC Compliance Checklist
Characteristics of P2P
- It is sometimes conducted for profit
- No necessary common bond or prior relationship between lenders and borrowers
- Intermediation by a peer-to-peer lending company
- Transactions take place online
- Lenders may often choose which borrowers to invest in, if the NBFC P2P platform offers that facility
- The loans can be unsecured or secured and are not normally protected by government insurance but there can be protection funds like those offered by Zopa and Rate Setter in the UK
- Loans are securities that can be transferred to others, either for debt collection or profit, though not all P2P platforms provide transfer facilities or free pricing choices and costs can be very high, tens of percent of the amount sold, or nil.
Do’s & Don’ts of Peer to Peer Lending Business
Do’s
- The lender transfers money directly from his/her bank account to borrower’s bank account to obviate the threat of money laundering.
- The current regulations applicable to other NBFCs will be made applicable to the P2P platforms in regard to recovery practice.
- The operators to have a proper grievance redress mechanism to deal with complaints from both lenders and borrowers and require reporting to the Board.
- To include fit and proper criteria for promoters, directors, and CEO including a reasonable proportion of board members having financial sector background.
- Put in place adequate risk management systems.
- To submit regular reports on their financial position, loans arranged each quarter, complaints, etc. to the Reserve Bank.
Dont’s
- Prohibit the platforms being used for any cross-border transaction in view of FEMA provisions relating to transactions between residents and non-residents.
- P2P lending platforms may be prohibited from promising or suggesting a promise of extraordinary returns, which implies some form of guarantee of returns to lenders.
Read Also: Pros and Cons of NBFC Business in India
The Way Forward to Attain a P2P Licence
- The P2P lending platforms under the purview of Reserve Bank’s regulation by defining P2P platforms as NBFCs under section 45I(f)(iii) of the RBI Act by issuing a notification in consultation with the Government of India. Once notified as NBFCs, RBI can issue regulations under sections 45JA and 45L.
- After the notification, RBI can issue directions under sections 45JA and 45L of the RBI Act to such platforms regarding registration requirements and prudential norms.
The broad contours of the proposed regulation are given below:
Regulatory Framework
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Permitted Activity
Considering the present stage of development, the platform could be registered only as an intermediary i.e. the role of the platform would be limited to bringing the borrower and lender together without the lending and borrowing getting reflected on its balance sheet. The platforms will be allowed to opine on the suitability of a lender and creditworthiness of a borrower.
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Prudential Requirements
The prudential requirements will include a minimum capital of Rs 2 crore.
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Governance Requirements
The guidelines in this regard will include fit and proper criteria for promoters, directors, and CEO. A reasonable proportion of board members having financial sector background could be suggested.
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Business Continuity Plan (BCP)
The platforms need to put in place adequate risk management systems for its smooth operations. BCP and back up for the data needs to be put in place since the platform also acts as a custodian of the agreements/cheques etc.
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Customer Interface
Most of the platforms operating in India provide a credit score for borrowers using their customized algorithms. Confidentiality of the customer data and data security would be the responsibility of the Platform. Transparency in operations, adequate measures for data confidentiality, and minimum disclosures to borrowers and lenders would also be mandated through a fair practices code.
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Reporting Requirements
In order to assist monitoring, the platforms will need to submit regular reports on their financial position, loans arranged each quarter, complaints, etc. to the Reserve Bank. The Bank may come out with a detailed reporting requirement.
Read Also: Core Investment Company
Some of the P2P Lending Platform in India
- Lendbox
- Faircent
- I-lend
- Easy Rupiya
- LenDen Club
Procedure to Get Peer to Peer Lending License with RBI
STEP-1: – Formation of Company with a minimum Net Owned Fund of Rs. 2 crores
STEP-2: – Apply for a Certificate of Registration/License to RBI online and submit a physical copy of the application along with the necessary documents to the Regional Office of the Reserve Bank of India
STEP-3: – Granting of Certificate: After the application is filed, the same is examined by RBI and further documents and clarifications may be sought from time to time. Finally, if RBI considers that the application is complete in all respects and all required documents and information is furnished to its satisfaction, it may grant a Certificate of Registration to carry on the business.
STEP-4: – Choose a domain name that is easy for potential customers to remember.
STEP-5: – Set up p2p lending software.
STEP-6: – Attract customers by way of advertisement.
NOTE:-RBI floated the consultation paper for peer to peer lending platforms in India in April 2016. RBI is expected to start a peer to peer lending license very soon.